CSV XML EXCEL. The company was founded on January 6, 1914, when Charles E. Merrill opened Charles E. Merrill & Co. for business at 7 Wall Street in New York City. This argument is mentioned by Isocrates in his essay Areopagiticus (section 23): [It was] considered that this way of appointing magistrates [i.e., elections] was also more democratic than the casting of lots, since under the plan of election by lot chance would decide the issue and the partizans of oligarchy would often get the offices; whereas under the plan of selecting the worthiest men, the people would have in their hands the power to choose those who were most attached to the existing constitution.[78]. Government Debt to GDP in New Zealand averaged 23.77 percent of GDP from 1972 until 2021, reaching an all time high of 54.80 percent of GDP in 1992 and a record low of 4.40 percent of GDP in 1974. Magistrates appointed by lot had to render account of their time in office upon their leave, called euthynai. Calibuso, et al. [93] Of these suicides, 5,650 were farmers suicides. The bill set maximum not legally allowed interest rates on any loans to farmers, setting it to be slightly above the money lending rate by Reserve Bank of India, and it also covered pending loans. Pierce's E. A. Greek eurozone exit; Also in 2012, Swiss estimates suggested that Greeks had some 20 billion euros in Switzerland of which only one percent had been declared as taxable in Greece. [41] Temasek Holdings agreed to purchase the funds and increase its investment in the company by $3.4 billion. In 2013 the New Zealand Health Research council began awarding funding at random to applicants considered equally qualified. [11], Selection of political officials by random sample from a pool of candidates, "Demarchy" redirects here. Co-ops, employee owned businesses, housing associations, Internet platforms, student governments, and countless other large membership organizations whose members generally do not know many other members yet seek to run their organization democratically often find that elections are problematic. Greek writers who mention democracy (including Aristotle,[5] Plato, and Herodotus) emphasize the role of selection by lot, or state outright that being allotted is more democratic than elections. [2][3], Earlier, governments had reported varying figures, from 5,650 farmer suicides in 2014[4] to the highest number of farmer suicides in 2004 of 18,241. [52][53][54], In 2009, Rabobank sued Merrill over a CDO named Norma. [75] Suicide ideation among surviving family members of farmers' suicide victims is another worry. [38][46][47] In 2004, in response to a request from the All India Biodynamic and Organic Farming Association, the Mumbai High Court required the Tata Institute to produce a report on farmer suicides in Maharashtra, and the institute submitted its report in March 2005. In Florence, lot was used to select magistrates and members of the Signoria during republican periods. [67][68], As per reports by the central government and NCRB, government farming subsidies from 1993 to 2018 mostly went to producers and dealers of seeds and fertilizers, and not to farmers. [78][79] Merrill reached its own settlement, firing bankers and agreeing to the outside oversight of its structured-finance transactions. A thoroughly revised constitution, approved by three-fifths of voters, entered into force in 2000, though the changes were mainly formal, with little alteration to the structure of Switzerlands government. It also settled civil fraud charges brought by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, without admitting or denying fault. Citizens are more significantly empowered by being a part of decision-making that concerns them. [41] Panagariya, an economist at the World bank states, "farm-related reasons get cited only approximately 25 percent of the time as reasons for suicide" and "studies do consistently show greater debt burden and greater reliance on informal sources of credit" among farmers who commit suicide. Pierce about a possible merger of the two firms. Prior to 2009, the company was publicly owned and traded on the New York Stock Exchange. Estimates for the total number of farmers in India vary widely. Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War. 28, No. Pierce held an interest. 2022 Data - 1994-2021 Historical - 2023 Forecast - Quote, Indian 10-Year Bond Yield Approaches 7.5%, India Manufacturing PMI Above Expectations, India Wholesale Inflation Lowest in A Year, India Passenger Vehicles Sales Rebound in September, India Industrial Output Contracts for 1st Time in 1-1/2 Year, NZ Dollar Pressured Ahead of US Inflation Data, Japan Leading Index Drops to Near 2-Year Low, Aussie Pressured by Looming US Inflation Data, Malaysia Industrial Output Growth at 4-Month Low, Malaysia Q3 Construction Output Grows the Most in 5 Quarters, UK Retail Sales Ease on Cost of Living Crisis, Dollar Steadies Ahead of Midterm Elections. While the pace of rate hikes in the US may soften slightly, Chairman Powell signaled that the terminal [26][27], In 1978, it significantly buttressed its securities underwriting business by acquiring White Weld & Co., a small but prestigious old-line investment bank. Canada recorded a Government Debt to GDP of 112.80 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2021. [95], Patel et al., using a representative survey sample-based statistical study from 2001 and 2003, extrapolated likely suicide patterns in 2010 for India. [73], Elected representatives typically rely on political parties in order to gain and retain office. The State Government also announced[79] that it will form Village Farmer Self Help Groups to disburse government-financed loans, a low rate Crop Insurance program whose premium will be paid 50% by the farmer and 50% by the government, and the launch of alternate income opportunities such as poultry, dairy, and sericulture for farmers in suicide-prone districts. This is particularly true among small-scale farmers and after periods of economic distress. China recorded a Government Debt to GDP of 71.50 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2021. Agricultural debt waiver and debt relief scheme, 2008. Data is reported for countries that subscribe to the SDDS and the GDDS. The lot determines offices, power is held accountable, and deliberation is conducted in public."[9]. Luxembourg (/ l k s m b r / LUK-sm-burg; Luxembourgish: Ltzebuerg [ltsbu] (); French: Luxembourg; German: Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe.It borders Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France to the south. Merrill Lynch & Co. agreed to be acquired by Bank of America on September 14, 2008, at the height of the financial crisis of 20072008, the same weekend that Lehman Brothers was allowed to fail. [83][84] Merrill Lynch was criticized by both the National Iranian American Council, and the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee. Rabobank alleged that a hedge fund named Magnetar Capital had chosen assets to go into Norma, and allegedly bet against them, but that Merrill had not informed Rabobank of this fact. Surinder Sud (2009), The Changing Profile of Indian Agriculture, Business Standard Books, Ramesh Golait, "Current Issues in Agriculture Credit in India: An Assessment", Reserve Bank of India Occasional Papers, Vol. It also minimizes factionalism, since there would be no point making promises to win over key constituencies if one was to be chosen by lot, while elections, by contrast, foster it. Before the random selection can be done, the pool of candidates must be defined. As an example, Vancouver council initiated a citizens' assembly that met in 201415 in order to assist in city planning.[23]. U.S. Supreme Court's Barrett again declines to block Biden student debt relief (Reuters) -U.S. Supreme Court Justice Amy Coney Barrett on Friday again declined to block President Joe Biden's plan to cancel billions of dollars in student debt, this time in a challenge brought by two Indiana borrowers, even as a lower court considers whether to lift a freeze it imposed on the program [18] and was briefly known as Merrill Lynch, E. A. [14], In 1930, Charles E. Merrill led the firm through a major restructuring, spinning-off the company's retail brokerage business to E. A. The modern processes of jury selection and the rights to object to and exclude particular jurors by both the plaintiff and defence are used to potentially lessen the possibilities of a jury not being representative of the community or being prejudicial towards one side or the other. [22] The merger made the company the largest securities firm in the world, with offices in more than 98 cities and membership on 28 exchanges. We have a plan for your needs. Mitti, a movie by Anshul Sinha released in 2018 showcased the agrarian crisis and its possible solutions. [15][16] Along with the business, Merrill also transferred the bulk of its employees, including Edmund C. Lynch and Winthrop H. Smith. [11] By reducing intrigue and power moves within the Great Council, lot maintained cohesiveness among the Venetian nobility, contributing to the stability of this republic. [16] In fact, in those few cases in which sortition is discussed in Enlightenment literature, it is generally treated dismissively; even those Enlightenment philosophers who do address the subject of sortition and acknowledge some of its merits tend to ultimately decide against it as a selective method. [104] Subsequently, former prime minister Manmohan Singh visited Vidarbha in 2006 and promised a package of 110 billion (about $2.4 billion). Anti-biotech activist groups in India repeat their claim that there is evidence of a link between Bt cotton and farmer's suicides, a claim that is perpetuated by mass media. The Trading Economics Application Programming Interface (API) provides direct access to our data. Trading partners' loss of confidence in Merrill Lynch's solvency and ability to refinance money market obligations ultimately led to its sale. GDP was driven by private consumption and business investments in equipment and software. [82] The EEOC lawsuit maintained that violations by the company were intentional and committed with malice. [52][53] Business economists dispute this view. [45], Studies dated 2004 through 2006, identified several causes for farmers suicide, such as insufficient or risky credit systems, the difficulty of farming semi-arid regions, poor agricultural income, absence of alternative income opportunities, a downturn in the urban economy which forced non-farmers into farming, and the absence of suitable counseling services. The second-largest holder is China, which owns $967.8 billion of U.S. debt. Greek government debt crisis articles. However, "systematic oppression and organized fraud were impossible. The farm suicide rate was 12.9 suicides per 100,000 farmers, which was higher than the general suicide rate at 10.6 for 2001 in India. Direct agricultural loan by stressed farmers under the so-called Kisan Credit Card was also to be covered under this Scheme. This can be done in a highly transparent manner which allows anyone to verify the integrity of the election, while optionally preserving the anonymity of the voters. CEIC calculates Government Debt as % of Nominal GDP from annual Government Debt and quarterly Nominal GDP. Common standards for a structured and secure way of handling electronic data and documents are a prerequisite. Get information on latest national and international events & more. [86][87] In 2012, there were 745 farmer suicides in Uttar Pradesh, a state with an estimated population of 205.43 million. discuss the introduction and increase in use of Bt cotton in the state of Madhya Pradesh since 2002, and the observed drop in total suicides among that state's farmers in 2006. [59], In 2008, a report published by the International Food Policy Research Institute, an agriculture policy think tank formed to promote the adoption of innovations in agricultural technology, based in Washington, D.C., noted that there was an absence of data relating to "numbers on the actual share of farmers committing suicide who cultivated cotton, let alone Bt cotton. According to an article in Credit magazine, Merrill's rise to be the leader of the CDO market began in 2003 when Christopher Ricciardi brought his CDO team from Credit Suisse First Boston to Merrill. Because financial gain could be achieved through the position of mayor, some parts of Switzerland used random selection during the years between 1640 and 1837 to prevent corruption. This page provides - United Kingdom API users can feed a custom application. Gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date [43] Three days later, the company froze hiring and revealed that it had charged almost $30 billion in losses to its subsidiary in the United Kingdom, exempting them from taxes in that country. Most societies have some type of citizenship education, but sortition-based committees allow ordinary people to develop their own democratic capacities through participation. Joel Dyer (1998), Harvest of Rage, Westview Press. In 2015, Graham Kirby proposed using sortition to reform the, In his 2017 presidential election platform, French politician, Simon Threlkeld, in the 1998 journal article "A Blueprint for Democratic Law-Making: Give Citizen Juries the Final Say", Simon Threlkeld, in the 1997 journal article "Democratizing Public Institutions: Juries for the selection of public officials", "Convened-sample suffrage" uses sortition to choose an. Agricultural debt waiver and debt relief scheme, 2008. The government further announced that it will finance a marriage fund under its Samudaik Lagna with 10 million (US$130,000) per year per district, for community marriage celebrations, where many couples get married at the same time to help minimize the cost of marriage celebrations a cause of suicides among farmers as identified by its own study. This page provides - United States This page provides the latest reported value for - Greece Government No rotation; no appointment by lot; no mode of election operating in the spirit of sortition or rotation can be generally good in a government conversant in extensive objects. Every absentee voter is choosing sortition, so, for example, with 60% voter turnout a number of legislators are randomly chosen to make up 40% of the overall parliament. Government Debt to GDP in Germany averaged 66.46 percent of GDP from 1995 until 2021, reaching an all time high of 82 percent of GDP in 2010 and a record low of 54.90 percent of GDP in 1995. ", Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth, National Association of Securities Dealers, American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). find suicide among agricultural workers (including farmers) in India is not more frequent than any other profession. Under a system of pure, universal sortition the individuals are not chosen for their enthusiasm. In 1941, Merrill Lynch, E. A. Farmer suicides in India refers to the national catastrophe of farmers committing suicide since the 1970s, due to their inability to repay loans mostly taken from private landlords and banks. [11] In 1494, Florence founded a Great Council in the model of Venice. The Funeral Oration of Pericles. [45] Fraser et al., similarly, after a review of 52 scholarly publications, conclude that farming populations in the United Kingdom, Europe, Australia, Canada, and the United States have the highest rates of suicide of any industry and there is growing evidence that those involved in farming are at higher risk of developing mental health problems. By the end of 2007, the value of these CDOs was collapsing, but Merrill had held onto portions of them, creating billions of dollars in losses for the company. Suicidal ideation is as culturally accepted in south India as in some high-income countries. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) brought suit against Merrill Lynch,[81] alleging the firm discriminated against Dr. Majid Borumand because of his Iranian nationality and Islamic religion, with "reckless disregard" for his protected civil rights. Merrill Lynch neither admitted nor denied the investigation findings but agreed to pay disgorgement of more than $4.4 million in ill-gotten gains plus $724,000 in prejudgment interest and an additional penalty of $2.89 million. Some contemporary thinkers[who?] Their review claims a wide range of reasons behind farmers suicide globally including mental health issues, physical environment, family problems, economic stress, and uncertainties. The next is when the democrats, on the grounds that they are all equal, claim equal participation in everything. ", "Participedia, Democracy In Practice: Democratic Student Government Program", "Christians Find Their Own Way to Replace Obamacare", "Former Meghalaya Chief Minister D D Pugh dies", "Utrecht, an energy plan devised by citizens", "Political innovation as ideal and strategy: the case of aleatoric democracy in the City of Utrecht", "The Ostbelgien Model: a long-term Citizens' Council combined with short-term Citizens' Assemblies", "Belgium's experiment in permanent forms of deliberative democracy", "The acceptability of using a lottery to allocate research funding: a survey of applicants", "Demarchy: A Democratic Alternative to Electoral Politics", The World Solution for World Problems, Chapter: A Concept for Government, "Instituting Meritocracy After the Collapse of Democracy in America", "Democracy Through Multi-Body Sortition: Athenian Lessons for the Modern Day", "Let The People Wear Ermine If We Are to Abolish the House of Lords", "The campaign beat Jean-Luc Mlenchon's call for a Sixth Republic", "L'urgence dmocratique La 6e Rpublique", "A Blueprint for Democratic Law-Making: Give Citizen Juries the Final Say", "Democratizing Public Institutions: Juries for the selection of public officials", "Gavin R. Putland: Convened-sample suffrage: Reclaiming democracy from vested interests", "Centrum-venstre skal tjle eliten og give borgerne strre indflydelse", "In Professor's Model, Diversity = Productivity", Oliver Dowlen, Sorting Out Sortition: A Perspective on the Random Selection of Political Officers, Sorted: Civic lotteries and the future of public participation, How to run a Civic Lottery: Designing fair selection mechanisms for deliberative public processes, Sortition as a sustainable protection against oligarchy, Why a citizens parliament chosen by lot would be perfect, Evaluation grid for sortition proposals at the legislative_level, Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sortition&oldid=1120393743, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing expert attention from September 2019, Politics articles needing expert attention, Articles needing cleanup from August 2019, Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from August 2019, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. By contrast, systems of election or appointment ideally limit this problem by encouraging the matching of skilled individuals to jobs for which they are suited. [1] Out of these, 60,750 farmer suicides were in the state of Maharashtra since 1995 and the remaining in Odisha, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Chhattisgarh, all states with loose financial and entry regulations. Canada government debt to GDP ratio data is updated yearly, available from Mar 1962 to Mar 2022. When the CDOs lost value, MBIA wound up owing Merrill a large amount of money. On 1 January 2004, the Government of Russia established the Stabilization fund of the Russian Federation as part of the federal budget to balance it if price of oil falls. Government Debt to GDP in the United States averaged 64.54 percent of GDP from 1940 until 2021, reaching an all time high of 137.20 percent of GDP in 2021 and a record low of 31.80 percent of GDP in 1981. [60] The analysis revealed that there was no "clear general relationship between Bt cotton and farmer suicides"[61] but also stated that it could not reject the "potential role of Bt cotton varieties in the observed discrete increase in farmer suicides in certain states and years, especially during the peak of 2004 in Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. [6] There are accusations of states manipulating the data on farmer suicides, hence the real figures could be even higher. The funds were available to all black brokers and trainees at the firm since May 2001, estimated to be 7001,200 people. The ratio of legislators decided by election to those decided by the lottery is tied directly to the voter turnout percentage. [61] Later that day, Merrill Lynch was sold to Bank of America for 0.8595 shares of Bank of America common stock for each Merrill Lynch common share, or about US$50 billion or $29 per share. Generally, a government bond is issued by a national government and is denominated in the country`s own currency. According to activists and studies, this created a source of debt and economic stress, ultimately suicides, among farmers. In 2015, estimates indicated that the amount of evaded taxes stored in Swiss banks was around 80 billion euros. It ranked No. Outside India, studies in Sri Lanka, the United States, Canada, and Australia have identified farming as a high-stress profession that is associated with a higher suicide rate than the general population. [10][11], Farmers' income rose by 30 per cent while their debt surged around 58 per cent between 2013 and 2019. Since 2000, the government of Puerto Rico has experienced 22 consecutive negative cash flows which has contributed to the enlargement of its public debt, as the government incurs in new debt in order to pay the older one. He settled without admitting or denying the allegations and was subsequently barred from the securities industry for life. Private debts rising stars; Fundraising; Senior Debt; NPL; Real Estate Debt; Infrastructure Debt; News & Analysis. This is because ordinary citizens do not have to compete against more powerful or influential adversaries in order to take office, and because the selection procedure does not favour those who have pre-existing advantages or connections as invariably happens with election by preference.[68]. Scrutiny was used in Florence for over a century starting in 1328. Private debts rising stars; Fundraising; Senior Debt; NPL; Real Estate Debt; Infrastructure Debt; News & Analysis. Farm suicides per 100,000 farmers can be reliably calculated for 2001 because accurate data on the number of farmers in the country and states are available for 2001 from the Census of India. [4], In 2011, a total of 135,585 people committed suicide, of which 14,027 were farmers. 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