Carbonis a chemical element withatomic number6which means there are 6 protons and 6 electrons in the atomic structure. The exceptions to this are that hydrogen has an oxidation state of 1 in hydrides of active metals (such as LiH), and an oxidation state of 1 in peroxides (such as H2O2) or -1/2 in superoxides (such as KO). Zirconium is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal that resembles hafnium and, to a lesser extent, titanium. Zincis a chemical element withatomic number30which means there are 30 protons and 30 electrons in the atomic structure. Hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1 when combined with non-metals, but it has an oxidation number of -1 when combined with metals. Similar for other oxygen atom. This is the reaction between chromium(III) ions and zinc metal: The chromium has gone from the +3 to the +2 oxidation state, and so has been reduced. Europium is a moderately hard, silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water. Most elements have more than one possible oxidation state. In nuclear industry boron is commonly used as a neutron absorber due to the high neutron cross-section of isotope 10B. The oxidation state of the molybdenum is increasing by 4. This applies regardless of the structure of the element: Xe, Cl. Peroxides include hydrogen peroxide, H2O2. Thechemical symbolfor Silver isAg. A Bismuthis a chemical element withatomic number83which means there are 83 protons and 83 electrons in the atomic structure. Also, while the oxidation states are mostly represented by integers, some can also have fractional values. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page. Beryllium is a hard, grayish metal naturally found in mineral rocks, coal, soil, and volcanic dust. Both! Thechemical symbolfor Magnesium isMg. Magnesium is a shiny gray solid which bears a close physical resemblance to the other five elements in the second column (group 2, or alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table: all group 2 elements have the same electron configuration in the outer electron shell and a similar crystal structure. Discoverer: Marinsky, Jacob A. and Coryell, Charles D. and Glendenin, Lawerence. In each of the following examples, we have to decide whether the reaction involves redox, and if so what has been oxidised and what reduced. The sulfate ion is SO42-. To make an electrically neutral compound, the copper must be present as a 2+ ion. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. This is sometimes useful where you have to work out reacting proportions for use in titration reactions where you don't have enough information to work out the complete ionic equation. Protactiniumis a chemical element withatomic number91which means there are 91 protons and 91 electrons in the atomic structure. Or to take a more common example involving iron(II) ions and manganate(VII) ions . The generalisation that Group 1 metals always have an oxidation state of +1 holds good for all the compounds you are likely to meet. Thechemical symbolfor Cadmium isCd. Thechemical symbolfor Yttrium isY. Yttrium is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and has often been classified as a rare-earth element. Now, x 2 +-1 2 = 0 2 x-2 = 0 x = + 1. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity. It has remarkable resistance to corrosion, even at high temperatures, and is therefore considered a noble metal. This is a neutral compound, so the sum of the oxidation states is zero. Thechemical symbolfor Uranium isU. Cadmiumis a chemical element withatomic number48which means there are 48 protons and 48 electrons in the atomic structure. The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. These have similar chemical properties, but palladium has the lowest melting point and is the least dense of them. Remember that electronegativity is greatest at the top-right of the periodic table and decreases toward the bottom-left. Neptunium metal is silvery and tarnishes when exposed to air. The most commonly used spontaneous fission neutron source is the radioactive isotope californium-252. Because of this, the first two rows of the periodic table are labeled thes block. Plutoniumis a chemical element withatomic number94which means there are 94 protons and 94 electrons in the atomic structure. It is a lanthanide, a rare earth element, originally found in the gadolinite mine in Ytterby in Sweden. This can also be extended to the negative ion. Introduction It rarely occurs in its elemental state or as pure ore compounds in the Earths crust. There are over 100 different borate minerals, but the most common are: borax, kernite, ulexite etc. The degree of oxidation of an atom is proportional to its oxidation state; the degree of reduction is proportional to its oxidation state. A major development was the discovery that steel could be made highly resistant to corrosion and discoloration by adding metallic chromium to form stainless steel. This is worked out further down the page. Thechemical symbolfor Boron isB. They have each lost an electron, and their oxidation state has increased from +2 to +3. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with a chemical formula S8. Here is a more common example involving iron(II) ions and manganate(VII) ions: A solution of potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4, acidified with dilute sulfuric acid oxidizes iron(II) ions to iron(III) ions. Each time an oxidation state changes by one unit, one electron has been transferred. There are two ways you might approach it. (1969), Discoverer: Scientists at Dubna, Russia (1967)/Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (1970), Discoverer: Armbruster, Paula and Muenzenberg, Dr. Gottfried, Element Category: unknown, probably a transition metal, Discoverer: David Anderson, Ruhani Rabin, Team Updraft, Element Category: unknown, probably a post-transition metal, Discoverer: Hisinger, Wilhelm and Berzelius, Jns Jacob/Klaproth, Martin Heinrich. Using oxidation states to identify what's been oxidised and what's been reduced. If you think about how these might be produced from vanadium metal, the 2+ ion will be formed by oxidising the metal by removing two electrons: The vanadium is now said to be in an oxidation state of +2. What has reduced the manganate(VII) ions - clearly it is the iron(II) ions. Thechemical symbolfor Caesium isCs. Since Group 1 metals always have an oxidation state of +1 in their compounds, it follows that the hydrogen must have an oxidation state of -1 (+1 -1 = 0). The reacting proportions are 4 cerium-containing ions to 1 molybdenum ion. Bromine is the third-lightest halogen, and is a fuming red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured gas. In general, hydrogen has an oxidation state of +1, while oxygen has an oxidation state of -2. Iron is the only other thing that has a changed oxidation state. If the oxidation state of chromium is n: What is the oxidation state of chromium in Cr(H2O)63+? The NaCl chlorine atom is reduced to a -1 oxidation state; the NaClO chlorine atom is oxidized to a state of +1. Ceriumis a chemical element withatomic number58which means there are 58 protons and 58 electrons in the atomic structure. Similarly, you can work out that the oxidising agent has to be the chromium(III) ions, because they are taking electrons from the zinc. Tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material, making it difficult to work. This is an ion and so the sum of the oxidation states is equal to the charge on the ion. Actinium is a soft, silvery-white radioactive metal. Thechemical symbolfor Sodium isNa. Scandium is a silvery-white metallic d-block element, it has historically been sometimes classified as a rare-earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanides. The oxidation state of the atoms, on the other hand, is determined by the other molecules connected to it. The reacting proportions are 4 cerium-containing ions to 1 molybdenum ion. What is the oxidation state of chromium in the dichromate ion, Cr2O72-? Thechemical symbolfor Thorium isTh. It would take far too long. Americium is a transuranic member of the actinide series, in the periodic table located under the lanthanide element europium, and thus by analogy was named after the Americas. Therefore in sodium hydride, Na+\text{N}{{{a}}^{+}}Na+ and H{{\text{H}}^{-}}H are present. Nitrogenis a chemical element withatomic number7which means there are 7 protons and 7 electrons in the atomic structure. Europium - Electron Configuration and Oxidation States - Eu, Samarium - Electron Configuration and Oxidation States - Sm, Promethium - Electron Configuration and Oxidation States - Pm, What is Conservation of Energy in Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics - Definition, What is Uranium in the Environment - Definition, What is Proton and Neutron in Nucleus - Definition, Oganesson - Electron Configuration and Oxidation States - Og, Tennessine - Electron Configuration and Oxidation States - Ts, Livermorium - Electron Configuration and Oxidation States - Lv, What is Energy Conservation in Beta Decay - Discovery of the Neutrino - Definition, Helium Electron Configuration and Oxidation States He. Based on this, assigning a 0 oxidation state to all elements is warranted as a first approximation: For intermetallic compounds, the ultimate choice of the . The concept of oxidation state considers every covalent bond is an ionic bond and electrons from the less electronegative atom are completely transferred to the more electronegative atom, therefore a less electronegative atom has a positive oxidation state and the more electronegative atom has a negative oxidation state. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. To find the correct oxidation state of P in HPO4 2- (the Hydrogen phosphate ion), and each element in the ion, we use a few rules and some simple math.First,. Californium is an actinide element, the sixth transuranium element to be synthesized, and has the second-highest atomic mass of all the elements that have been produced in amounts large enough to see with the unaided eye (after einsteinium). Thechemical symbolfor Neptunium isNp. Q2. Praseodymium is the third member of the lanthanide series and is traditionally considered to be one of the rare-earth metals. To find the correct oxidation state of C in HCN (Hydrogen cyanide), and each element in the molecule, we use a few rules and some simple math.First, since th. The oxidation state of an atom is equal to the total number of electrons which have been removed from an element (producing a positive oxidation state) or added to an element (producing a negative oxidation state) to reach its present state. We are going to look at some examples from vanadium chemistry. Neodymiumis a chemical element withatomic number60which means there are 60 protons and 60 electrons in the atomic structure. Thechemical symbolfor Tellurium isTe. It can either share an electron with other atoms to form a covalent or it can gain an electron from another atom or donate an electron to another atom to form an ionic bond. This is the most common function of oxidation states. Because each hydrogen has an oxidation state of +1, each oxygen must have an oxidation state of -1 to balance it. Thechemical symbolfor Gadolinium isGd. Any oxidation state fall by one substance must be accompanied by an equal oxidation state increase by something else. The atomic number of hydrogen is 1. It is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. Titaniumis a chemical element withatomic number22which means there are 22 protons and 22 electrons in the atomic structure. Let n equal the oxidation state of chromium: What is the oxidation state of chromium in Cr(H2O)63+? Although classified as a rare earth element, samarium is the 40th most abundant element in the Earths crust and is more common than such metals as tin. Neodymium is a soft silvery metal that tarnishes in air. Polonium is a rare and highly radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to selenium and tellurium, though its metallic character resembles that of its horizontal neighbors in the periodic table: thallium, lead, and bismuth. Solve any question of Redox Reactions with:- Patterns of problems > Was this answer helpful? Notice what this means for the alpha carbon of a primary alcohol in terms of hydrogen atoms. The only way around this is to know some simple chemistry! , the oxidation state of nitrogen is -3 and that of hydrogen is -1. What is the oxidation state of chromium in Cr2+? Tellurium is far more common in the universe as a whole than on Earth. Personally, I would much rather work out these equations from electron-half-equations! Menu. Aluminium is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal in the boron group. The oxidation state of a simple ion like hydride is equal to the charge on the ion - in this case, -1. Thechemical symbolfor Selenium isSe. Palladiumis a chemical element withatomic number46which means there are 46 protons and 46 electrons in the atomic structure. It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains tin dioxide. So FeSO4 is properly called iron(II) sulphate(VI), and FeSO3 is iron(II) sulphate(IV). Thechemical symbolfor Erbium isEr. Xenonis a chemical element withatomic number54which means there are 54 protons and 54 electrons in the atomic structure. O.N. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color. In nuclear industry cadmium is commonly used as a thermal neutron absorber due to very high neutron absorption cross-section of 113Cd. The problem in this case is that the compound contains two elements (the copper and the sulphur) whose oxidation states can both change. Thechemical symbolfor Berkelium isBk. That tells you that they contain Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions. Fermiumis a chemical element withatomic number100which means there are 100 protons and 100 electrons in the atomic structure. The 2+ ion will be formed from vanadium metal by oxidizing the metal and removing two electrons: \[ \ce{V \rightarrow V^{2+} + 2e^{-}} \label{1}\]. Discoverer: Scientists at Dubna, Russia (1964)/Albert Ghiorso et. Thechemical symbolfor Terbium isTb. Iodineis a chemical element withatomic number53which means there are 53 protons and 53 electrons in the atomic structure. Oxygen is present with an oxidation state of -2 each. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earths outer and inner core. Thorium is moderately hard, malleable, and has a high melting point. FeSO4 is properly named iron(II) sulfate(VI), and FeSO3 is iron(II) sulfate(IV). It is thePauli exclusion principlethat requires the electrons in an atom to occupy different energy levels instead of them all condensing in the ground state. Galliumis a chemical element withatomic number31which means there are 31 protons and 31 electrons in the atomic structure. The oxidation state of the vanadium is now +5. The sum of the oxidation states for all atoms of a neutral molecule must add up to zero. Thechemical symbolfor Zirconium isZr. In this case, for example, it is quite likely that the oxygen will end up in water. You don't work out oxidation states by counting the numbers of electrons transferred. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Thechemical symbolfor Molybdenum isMo. Hafniums large neutron capture cross-section makes it a good material for neutron absorption in control rods in nuclear power plants, but at the same time requires that it be removed from the neutron-transparent corrosion-resistant zirconium alloys used in nuclear reactors. Lanthanumis a chemical element withatomic number57which means there are 57 protons and 57 electrons in the atomic structure. Aluminumis a chemical element withatomic number13which means there are 13 protons and 13 electrons in the atomic structure. Oxidation states simplify the whole process of working out what is being oxidised and what is being reduced in redox reactions. Like all elements with atomic number over 100, nobelium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with charged particles. Bismuth is a pentavalent post-transition metal and one of the pnictogens, chemically resembles its lighter homologs arsenic and antimony. In S O 4 2 , oxygen's OS is -2 and sulphur, +6. Hence, the oxidation number of H in H 2 O is + 1. Thechemical symbolfor Niobium isNb. Thechemical symbolfor Lanthanum isLa. You will have come across names like iron(II) sulphate and iron(III) chloride. Thechemical symbolfor Mendelevium isMd. Titanium condenser tubes are usually the best technical choice, however titanium is very expensive material. The chlorine is in the same oxidation state on both sides of the equationit has not been oxidized or reduced. Hydrogen is a chemical element with atomic number 1 which means there are 1 protons and 1 electrons in the atomic structure. At standard conditions hydrogen is a gas of diatomic molecules having the formula H 2.It is colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, and highly combustible.Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the universe, constituting roughly 75% of all normal matter. Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earths crust, and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. It is the heaviest element that can be formed by neutron bombardment of lighter elements, and hence the last element that can be prepared in macroscopic quantities. Because of the potential for confusion in these names, the older names of sulfate and sulfite are more commonly used in introductory chemistry courses. Platinum is used in catalytic converters, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts and electrodes, platinum resistance thermometers, dentistry equipment, and jewelry. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earths crust and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminium. The oxidation state of hydrogen has decreasedhydrogen has been reduced. Chlorine has an oxidation state of -1 (no fluorine or oxygen atoms are present). So the iron(II) ions have been oxidised, and the manganate(VII) ions reduced. Oxygen in F2O: The deviation here stems from the fact that oxygen is less electronegative than fluorine; the fluorine takes priority with an oxidation state of -1. That's easy! Thechemical symbolfor Krypton isKr. For O H , OS for oxygen stands at -2 and that for hydrogen at -1. Platinum is one of the least reactive metals. The vanadium in the \(\ce{VO^{2+}}\) is now in an oxidation state of +4. Since the value for H is 2.2 and for Si 1.9 the clear winner is hydrogen and Ox (Si)=4+ and Ox (H)= -1 It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas, the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass. 4. Bromineis a chemical element withatomic number35which means there are 35 protons and 35 electrons in the atomic structure. This means that every C-H bond will decrease the oxidation state of carbon by 1. Main purpose of this project is to help the public learn some interesting and important information about chemical elements, ionizing radiation, thermal engineering, reactor physics and nuclear energy. The most probable fission fragment masses are around mass 95 (Krypton) and 137 (Barium). Antimony is a lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite. Checking all the oxidation states verifies this: However, the oxidation state of cerium only decreases from +4 to +3 for a decrease of 1. Radiumis a chemical element withatomic number88which means there are 88 protons and 88 electrons in the atomic structure. This type of reaction, in which a single substance is both oxidized and reduced, is called a disproportionation reaction. Thechemical symbolfor Protactinium isPa. Protactinium is a dense, silvery-gray metal which readily reacts with oxygen, water vapor and inorganic acids. One atom has been reduced because its oxidation state has fallen. and the term oxidation number is nearly synonymous. It is possible to remove a fifth electron to form another the \(\ce{VO_2^{+}}\) ion with the vanadium in a +5 oxidation state. Copper is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Thechemical symbolfor Argon isAr. Samariumis a chemical element withatomic number62which means there are 62 protons and 62 electrons in the atomic structure. Promethiumis a chemical element withatomic number61which means there are 61 protons and 61 electrons in the atomic structure. Because of its closed-shell electron configuration, its density and melting and boiling points differ significantly from those of most other lanthanides. Sodium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. The Oxidation state of Hydrogen is 1+ when in a regular compound. Helium is a chemical element with atomic number 2 which means there are 2 protons and 2 electrons in the atomic structure. Notice that for carbon this is exactly the other way around because with 2.55 this element is more electronegative than H, albeit by a . Poloniumis a chemical element withatomic number84which means there are 84 protons and 84 electrons in the atomic structure. This total has to sum to zero, so carbon should have an oxidation state of zero in this molecule. We have also distinguish between the possible and common oxidation states of every element. The algebraic sum of the oxidation numbers of elements in a compound is zero. Knowledge of theelectron configurationof different atoms is useful in understanding the structure of the periodic table of elements. Thechemical symbolfor Cerium isCe. For example, hydrogen has a fixed oxidation state of +1 in all covalent compounds. Oxygen in peroxides Peroxides include hydrogen peroxide, H 2 O 2. Yes! Caesium has physical and chemical properties similar to those of rubidium and potassium. If the oxidation state of one substance in a reaction decreases by 2, it has gained 2 electrons. Thechemical symbolfor Rubidium isRb. The metal is found in the Earths crust in the pure, free elemental form (native silver), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Recognizing this simple pattern is the key to understanding the concept of oxidation states. LiH, NaH, CaH 2, and LiAlH 4. Thechemical symbolfor Promethium isPm. Calcium is an alkaline earth metal, it is a reactive pale yellow metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. This would be essentially the same as an unattached chromium ion, Cr3+. [Xe] 6s2 for barium). The reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid is: Nothing has changed. Check all the oxidation states to be sure:. The reaction is slow at the start and accelerates with increasing concentration of the resulting hydroperoxides. Chlorine in compounds with fluorine or oxygen. Metal hydrides include compounds like sodium hydride, NaH. is -1 As for example,in NH3 oxidation no.of H is +1 and in NaH oxidation no. This example is based on information in an old AQA A' level question. If the hydrogen is part of a binary metal hydride (compound of hydrogen and some metal), then the oxidation state of hydrogen is -1. Tungstenis a chemical element withatomic number74which means there are 74 protons and 74 electrons in the atomic structure. Thechemical symbolfor Calcium isCa. of oxygen is always -2 in its compounds. Platinumis a chemical element withatomic number78which means there are 78 protons and 78 electrons in the atomic structure. For example, carbon has nine possible integer oxidation states from 4 to +4. Significant concentrations of boron occur on the Earth in compounds known as the borate minerals. Removal of another electron forms the ion \(\ce{VO2+}\): \[ \ce{V^{3+} + H_2O \rightarrow VO^{2+} + 2H^{+} + e^{-}} \label{3}\]. The algebraic sum of the oxidation states in an ion is equal to the charge on the ion. Thechemical symbolfor Iodine isI. Iodine is the heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists as a lustrous, purple-black metallic solid at standard conditions that sublimes readily to form a violet gas. Answer link Alternatively, you can think of it that the sum of the oxidation states in a neutral compound is zero. In going from glucose to hexane, the carbon atoms are reduced by a total of 14 electrons. Antimonyis a chemical element withatomic number51which means there are 51 protons and 51 electrons in the atomic structure. The less electronegative one is given a positive oxidation state. Lead is widely used as a gamma shield. Holmium is a relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metal. Thulium is the thirteenth and third-last element in the lanthanide series. The remaining atoms and the charges must be balanced using some intuitive guessing. 4. The oxidation states of hydrogen are +1 and -1 When H attached with a non metal, then oxidation number is +1 but if H is combined with a metal then oxidation no. Iridium is a very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum group, iridium is generally credited with being the second densest element (after osmium). Precedent Precedent Multi-Temp; HEAT KING 450; Trucks; Auxiliary Power Units. Thechemical symbolfor Palladium isPd. For a simple ion like this, the oxidation state is the charge on the ion - in other words: +2 (Don't forget the + sign.). Part 2: Calculating the oxidation state of hydrogen in H 2 O 2 (Hydrogen peroxide) In case of peroxide, The oxidation state of Oxygen(O) = -1. in this way. Cerium is reduced to the +3 oxidation state (Ce3+) in the process. This page titled Oxidation States (Oxidation Numbers) is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Jim Clark. Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element, with a density of 22.59 g/cm3. Thechemical symbolfor Tin isSn. Oxygen generally exhibits 2 oxidation state. The general oxidation state of oxygen is 2 but in peroxides, it is 1. Argon is the third-most abundant gas in the Earths atmosphere, at 0.934% (9340 ppmv). Thechemical symbolfor Gallium isGa. Gallium has similarities to the other metals of the group, aluminium, indium, and thallium. The oxidation of hydrocarbons is a free radical-initiated autocatalytic chain reaction. It occurs on Earth as the decay product of various heavier elements. This is an electrically neutral compound, so the sum of the oxidation states of the hydrogen and oxygen must be zero. This fact has key implications for the building up of the periodic table of elements. Hence, the oxidation state of hydrogen in H2O, and H2O2 is +1. Lead is soft and malleable, and has a relatively low melting point. The vanadium in the \(\ce{V^{3+} }\) ion has an oxidation state of +3. Oxidation involves an increase in oxidation state, Reduction involves a decrease in oxidation state. Use oxidation states to work out the equation for the reaction. Promethium is one of only two such elements that are followed in the periodic table by elements with stable forms. The oxidation number of hydrogen is -1 when it is combined with a metal as in. in NaH and LiH, the oxidation number of hydrogen is -1. Thechemical symbolfor Hydrogen isH. With a standard atomic weight of circa 1.008, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. 2) You may not distribute or commercially exploit the content, especially on another website. Yes they have - you have two elements which are in compounds on one side of the equation and as uncombined elements on the other. Thechemical symbolfor Indium isIn. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all isotopes of uranium are unstable, with half-lives varying between 159,200 years and 4.5 billion years. Thechemical symbolfor Phosphorus isP. As an element, phosphorus exists in two major formswhite phosphorus and red phosphorusbut because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. Indium is a post-transition metal that makes up 0.21 parts per million of the Earths crust. Looking at it quickly, it is obvious that the iron(II) ions have been oxidised to iron(III) ions. Silveris a chemical element withatomic number47which means there are 47 protons and 47 electrons in the atomic structure. You might recognise the formula as being copper(II) sulphate. Thechemical symbolfor Mercury isHg. Thechemical symbolfor Chromium isCr.
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