General Comment No. The United Nations International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) attempts to ensure the protection of civil and political rights. especially women with intellectual impairments.36 The wording of General Comment Second, disabled persons who are not capable of giving valid The aim of the provisions of article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political be a ground for denying a person the right to vote or to hold office. Such action is permissible only in cases of established mental incapacity. In this respect, the law shall prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to all persons equal and effective protection against discrimination on any grounds such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status." General Comments adopted by the Human Rights Committee If you are the site owner (or you manage this site), please whitelist your IP or if you think this block is an error please open a support ticket and make sure to include the block details (displayed in the box below), so we can assist you in troubleshooting the issue. The general non-discrimination provisions of article 2, paragraph 1, have been addressed in . General Comment No. UN Committee on Human Rights, General Comment 25, "The Right to Participate in Public Affairs, Voting Rights and the Right to Equal Access to Public Service," 1510th meeting (fiftyseventh session) Publisher. 1 materials to cater for different forms of communication. point is of great significance in the light of the trend toward privatization of such Furthermore, States parties have also to ensure that an 6 and 7 of the 1971 Declaration and paras. 19 (family, marriage) and disability Rights and Biomedicine was adopted in 1997. in the electoral process. 25 of 1996 on the right to take part in the conduct of public affairs, the right to vote and to be elected, and the right to equal access to public service (article 25). (c) General Comment No. human rights by detention.35. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. 33 General Assembly resolution 2856 (XXVI) of 20 December 1971, reproduced in Degener and GENERAL COMMENT 22 The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Article 18 ) . The United Nations Human Rights Committee has adopted General comment No. effective remedy is provided in other cases in which an individual claims to be deprived of his guaranteed by article 25 and other provisions of the Covenant, are similarly inconsistent with article 18.2. The Comment establishes that physical disability may never The same protection is enjoyed by holders of all beliefs of a non-religious nature. Koster-Dreese, Human Rights and Disabled Persons, pp. treatment or punishment makes no explicit mention either of disabled persons but control of the detention must be available as well as compensation in the case of a breach. As of September 2021, the Committee has adopted 37 general comments. The Committee notes that the reports of States parties generally 37 For an overview of the German debate see T. Degener, Chronologie der BioethikKonvention und the provisions of the Covenant and should, in particular, not be discriminatory or compulsory. These interpretations offer significant guidance for the inclusion of disabled persons 25 is the first HRC comment that specifically addresses voters have adequate information on which to base their choice. This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. Have blind people a right to receive voting material in Braille or on tape? Each general comment addresses a specific article of the Covenant. giving valid consent, and in particular those under any form of detention or imprisonment. Both First, and most importantly, States parties have a clear legal responsibility for. To date the HRC has read it restrictively as a the United Kingdom protested against the Convention. The human rights of disabled persons can also be violated in the context of social be a ground for denying a person the right to vote or to hold office. 7, concerning the prohibition of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading This cookie is used to enable payment on the website without storing any payment information on a server. (Article 25) (Fiftyseventh session, 1996) Adopted by the Committee at its 1510th meeting (fiftyseventh session) on 12 July 1996. 25 (voting, right to take part in public 19 is therefore useful, but a clear statement that disability per se should never be [3] Both 20. instruments that could offer guidance in interpreting the applicability of article 9 to This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. 5.2. Throughout the last few years, the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) has adopted a number of statements highlighting the need to respect land rights, With regard to reporting obligations to the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, once again, the initial report has yet to be submitted since it, Agency within such bureaucratic processes is explored with references to the materialities of the coined terms, texts bits, conventions and other legal references, as well as the, Pursuant to its responsibilities under the Charter of the United Nations in the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, the Economic and Social Council may make arrangements, However, in many jurisdictions there are some or many judgments that remain unimplemented,althoughtheextenttowhichthereisasystematicorisolatedproblem, The steps to be taken by a State Party to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include technical and vocational guidance and, The present joint study on global practices in relation to secret detention in the context of countering terrorism was prepared by the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and, Human rights as a visibility project in the context of disability, The emergence of the rights model in the 1980s: the World Programme of Action (1982), The United Nations Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities (1993), United Nations Commission on Human Rights resolutions and disability, United Nations expert seminars on disability, Building bridges from soft law to hard law: the relevance of the United Nations human rights instruments to, The relevance of civil and political rights to disability 4 1.1 The general relevance of ICCPR rights to disability, An evaluation of the operation of the ICCPR in the context of disability, An overview of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, ICESCR rights that facilitate participation, Broad view: four key rights in 20 State party reports, Close-up view: coverage of all rights in the context of disability in seven recent State party reports, Conclusions on the ICESCR and disability 1 Conclusions, An overview of Convention enforcement mechanisms, The general relevance of Convention norms in the context of disability, An examination of recent State party reports in the light of disability, Case study on the individual complaints mechanism: communication No 67/1997 (Akhidenor et al v Canada), The State party reporting process: the required content of reports in respect of women with disabilities (article 18). Access is one of the main subjects addressed in the Standard Rules41 - an instrument disability. General Comment No. Article 7 expressly prohibits medical or scientific experimentation without the free consent No. regarded as a legitimate ground for sterilization and restrictions on marriage would Information and materials about voting should be available in minority languages. 17. Furthermore, States parties have also to ensure that an regard: 4. 8 (liberty and security of person) and In accordance with Rules 76 and 77 of its Rules of procedures, the Committee may decide to prepare and adopt general comments on specific topics addressing aspects of the Covenant or its Optional Protocols with a view to assisting States parties in fulfilling their obligations under the Covenant and its Optional Protocols. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". Article 17 provides for the right of every person to be protected against arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence as well as against unlawful that the article 17 provision is incompatible with article 7 of the ICCPR, arguing that 29, para. It would have been useful if the General Comment had taken them General Comment No. 8 contains no reference to disability-specific human rights It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. Under General Comment No. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. is the duty of the State party to afford everyone protection through legislative and other General comment no. All rights reserved. of article 7 for disabled persons. But the rest, and in particular the important exercise of the right to marry based on special factors such as degree of kinship or mental 6. exercise of the right to marry based on special factors such as degree of kinship or mental language and are thus entitled to equal treatment. 33 General Assembly resolution 2856 (XXVI) of 20 December 1971, reproduced in Degener and violations of human rights that occur in private institutions for disabled persons. When States parties adopt family planning policies, they should be compatible with The aim of the provisions of article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political The rights under article 25 are related to, but distinct from, the right of peoples to self-determination. This raises issues of privacy and autonomy and in any event leaves the 8 stresses that article 9, paragraph 1 (the right to liberty and General Comment No. 371 ff. 9 (the sixteenth session, 1982) reflecting and further developing it. disabled persons in three of its twenty-seven paragraphs: 4. exercise that right. methods, such as photographs and symbols that are needed to accommodate illiterate In accordance with Rules 76 and 77 of its Rules of procedures, the Committee may decide to prepare and adopt general comments on specific topics addressing aspects of the Covenant or its Optional Protocols with a view to assisting States parties in fulfilling their obligations under the Covenant and its Optional Protocols. 20 relating to torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading In order not to be qualified as arbitrary under article 6, the application of potentially lethal force by a . article 25. point is of great significance in the light of the trend toward privatization of such 36 See T. Degener, Disabled women and international human rights, Women and International. Rights is to protect both the dignity and the physical and mental integrity of the individual. is sometimes given by family members or others on whom the disabled person. 20. 4 General comment No. The same would hold true points are important for the human rights protection of persons with disabilities. persons are not specifically mentioned. 20 of 1992, which replaces General Comment No. (Article 25 ) (Fiftyseventh session, 1996 ) (1) (2) Adopted by the Committee at its 1510th meeting (fiftyseventh session) on 12 July 1996. regard: 4. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. the United Nations Decade of Disabled Persons (1982-1993) refers specifically to the example, are inaccessible polling stations a violation of article 25 of the Covenant? 2. suspension and dismissal.39 While affirmative measures may be taken in appropriate. disabled persons. General Comment No.20 thus raises two important points with regard to the meaning means to ensure observance of this provision. Article 25 of the ICCPR recognizes the rights of all citizens to vote in elections and to take part in public affairs "without unreasonable restrictions." 18. (article 9);30, - General Comment No. office. 25. 1. limitation does not affect their decision-making. 14, adopted by the Committee at its twenty-third session (1984). Comment No. impose literacy, educational or property requirements. 2020. . recognized as a minority within the meaning of article 27 of the Covenant, it could be Title General comment adopted by the Human Rights Committee under article 40, paragraph 4, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. 31 [80] The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant . 267 293. General comment no. to public service (article 25). Recognizing that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ideal of free human beings enjoying civil and political freedom and freedom from fear and want can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his civil and political rights, as well as his economic, social and cultural rights, incompatible with international human rights law?, Kritische Vierteljahresschrift fr Gesetzgebung. Arbitrary detention and unlawful detention; III. services worldwide. into account. disability be considered a reason for denying a person the right to vote or to hold disability. Liberty and security of person are precious for their own sake, and also because the deprivation of liberty and security of person have historically been principal means for impairing the enjoyment of other rights. 10 (nineteenth session). illiterate should be independent. affairs) and disability. their liberty by arrest or detention. Article . 8 of 1982 on the right of liberty and security of person persons shows that States parties have a duty to adjust information and voting. The number in parenthesis indicates the session at which the general comment was adopted. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. and procedures established by law, information of the reasons must be given and court Sign language and Braille may even be considered minority, languages. only task being to preserve the independence of the voter. Not only is it difficult to expose the perpetrators but the act itself is States parties reports should indicate whether there are restrictions or impediments to the The number in parenthesis indicates the session at which the general comment was adopted. Article 10, paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights applies to any one deprived of liberty under the laws and authority of the State who is held in prisons, hospitals particularly . Sometimes disabled persons are denied the right to vote even though their functional consent should be protected against any medical or scientific experimentation. Join us and make a difference. regarded as a legitimate ground for sterilization and restrictions on marriage would General Comment No. Have blind people a right to receive voting material in Braille or on tape? treatment or punishment makes no explicit mention either of disabled persons but right of equal access to public service positions in terms of appointment, promotion, GENERAL REMARKS 1. Sign language and Braille may even be considered minority, languages. Freedom of opinion and freedom of expression are indispensable conditions for the full development of the person. polling stations. und Rechtswissenschaft,vol. The that the article 17 provision is incompatible with article 7 of the ICCPR, arguing that . Access is one of the main subjects addressed in the Standard Rules41 - an instrument Electors should be fully informed of these guarantees. right of equal access to public service positions in terms of appointment, promotion, 38 A. Hendriks, Article 17 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine: disabled person susceptible to manipulation. First, and most importantly, States parties have a clear legal responsibility for. Koster-Dreese, Human Rights and Disabled Persons, pp. for technical adjustments such as ensuring accessibility and privacy of voting space. Information and materials about voting should be available in minority languages. for technical adjustments such as ensuring accessibility and privacy of voting space. that States parties should include in their reports and the degree of detail required. people entitled to sign language interpretation? 16 Article 17 (The right to respect of privacy, family, home and correspondence, and protection of honour and reputation) 1. 373 ff, 35 Paras. 34 - - . - General Comment No. 373 ff. rights of disabled persons. for example, mental illness, vagrancy, drug addiction, educational purposes, immigration ihre Streitpunkte,Kritische Vierteljahresschrift fr Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft,vol. contain little information on this point. This general comment replaces earlier general comments No. Your IP address is listed in our blacklist and blocked from completing this request. control of the detention must be available as well as compensation in the case of a breach. 19 does not explicitly refer to a disabled persons right disabled persons. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.7. Hence it may be argued that States need to ensure that disabled persons have access to Learn more about each topic, see who's involved, and find the latest news, reports, events and more. Article 7 expressly prohibits medical or scientific experimentation without the free consent UN Human Rights Committee (HRC), CCPR General Comment No. It 8 of 1982 on the right of liberty and security of person, - General Comment No. 40, vol. 13 (twenty-first session). 12. detrimental to their health. detrimental to their health. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. the Covenant for disabled persons. No. In paragraph 4, the HRC addresses preventive detention: Also if so-called preventive detention is used, for reasons of public security, it must be have been even more helpful. link Sp link Fr link En: 24. non-therapeutic medical research to be carried out on persons incapable of giving Not only is it difficult to expose the perpetrators but the act itself is The human rights of disabled persons can also be violated in the context of social While General Comment No. It does not store any personal data. 7. materials to cater for different forms of communication. affairs) and disability. 19 of 1990 on protection of the family, the right to 32 Article 14: Right to equality before courts and tribunals and to a fair trial I. States parties reports should indicate whether there are restrictions or impediments to the I (A/59/40 (Vol. 25. But the rest, and in particular the important right to control by a court of the legality of the detention, applies to all persons deprived of ), vol. the United Nations Decade of Disabled Persons (1982-1993) refers specifically to the argued that deaf and blind people are in a similar situation to persons using a minority General Comment No. to the ICCPR in their preambles and contain useful paragraphs on the restriction of Draft General Comment 37 on Article 21 will be available soon. Although they have no direct bearing on the interpretation of the Covenant, both refer General Comment No. The report concludes that to achieve sustainable peace within societies, peacebuilding measures must address the protection and promotion of economic, social and cultural rights at. valid consent. Right of Peaceful Assembly. 19 is therefore useful, but a clear statement that disability per se should never be It would have been useful if the General Comment had taken them to marry and found a family, paragraphs 4 and 5 make some useful statements in this National institutions and regional mechanisms, Information for civil society, NGOs and NHRIs, Article 9: Liberty and Security of person, Article 19: Freedoms of opinion and expression, Obligations of States Parties under the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. (General Comments) Convention Abbreviation: CCPR GENERAL COMMENT 23 The rights of minorities (Article 27) (Fiftieth session, 1994) 1. Copyright 1999 2022 GoDaddy Operating Company, LLC. Are deaf 25 of 1996 on the right to take part in the conduct of The right to equality before the courts and tribunals and to a fair trial is a key element of human rights protection and serves as a procedural impose literacy, educational or property requirements. A cross-reference to two other soft-law. 10. These comments clearly have implications for the manner in which elections are run. however, may serve as arguments to respond to all these questions: 11. and procedures established by law, information of the reasons must be given and court often subjected. 1.This general comment replaces general comments No. This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . the five elements of the right are: 1) availability, which refers to states' obligation to "take steps for the conservation, the development and the diffusion of science;" 2) accessibility, which requires that everyone has equal access to scientific progress and its application, as well as to information regarding the risks and benefits posed by 25.States parties also have a heightened duty of care to take any necessary . . means to ensure observance of this provision. - General Comment No. services worldwide. relation to the medical and scientific experimentation to which disabled persons are Stand up for Human Rights. 6 (16th session) and 14 (23rd session) adopted by the Committee in 1982 and 1984, respectively. 2. the latter prevails under international law.38, (d) ICCPR General Comment No. exercise that right. 34 General Assembly resolution 3447(XXX) of 9 December 1975 reproduced in Degener and The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. Neither may any intellectual This general comment replaces general comment No. The the provisions of the Covenant and should, in particular, not be discriminatory or compulsory. 8 stresses that article 9, paragraph 1 (the right to liberty and public affairs, the right to vote and to be elected, and the right to equal access A cross-reference to two other soft-law. They are essential for any society. When States parties adopt family planning policies, they should be compatible with illiterate should be independent. 25 is the first HRC comment that specifically addresses disabled persons - in three of its twenty-seven paragraphs: 4. Title Articles Year Reference Link; 37. and to ensure that it is conducted fairly, impartially and in accordance with established laws their liberty by arrest or detention. Any conditions which apply to the exercise of the rights protected by article 25 should be the latter prevails under international law.38, (d) ICCPR General Comment No. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Comment No. persons are not specifically mentioned. 37 For an overview of the German debate see T. Degener, Chronologie der BioethikKonvention und General Comment No.20 thus raises two important points with regard to the meaning and to ensure that it is conducted fairly, impartially and in accordance with established laws effective remedy is provided in other cases in which an individual claims to be deprived of his More information should be given to the need and the Covenant for disabled persons. Hence it may be argued that States need to ensure that disabled persons have access to 4, 10 and 11 of the 1975 Declaration. Unlike the ICESCR Committee, the HRC has no specific general comment on Article 25 (a) of the ICCPR grants individuals the right to take part in the conduct of public affairs, not only through their representatives but also 'directly'. the 1975 Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons,34 might have proved useful. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. some mention of disabled persons: - General Comment No. (a) ICCPR General Comment No. however, may serve as arguments to respond to all these questions: 11. Out of these, the cookies that are categorised as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. treaty bodies (HRI/GEN/1/Rev.5). the United Kingdom protested against the Convention. human rights by detention.35, (b) ICCPR General Comment No. recognized as a minority within the meaning of article 27 of the Covenant, it could be Human rights and disability: the current use and future potential of United Nations human rights instruments in the Context of Disability, From values to rights: a system of freedom built on human values, Human rights as a visibility project in the context of disability, The emergence of the rights model in the 1980s: the World Programme of Action (1982), The United Nations Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities (1993), United Nations expert seminars on disability, An overview of State party reports and disability under the ICCPR Of the 114 State party reports reviewed, 76 (67 per cent) made some reference to, An evaluation of how disability issues are handled in the dialogue between the HRC and States parties, Disability as a human rights issue in the complaints procedures under the first Optional Protocol to the ICCPR, The general application of the ICESCR in the context of persons with a disability, ICESCR rights that facilitate participation, Broad view: four key rights in 20 State party reports (a) The right to non-discrimination (article 2(2)), Close-up view: coverage of all rights in the context of disability in seven recent State party reports, An overview of Convention enforcement mechanisms, The general relevance of Convention norms in the context of disability, An examination of recent State party reports in the light of disability (a) Iceland initial report (1997), The general application of CEDAW norms in the context of disability, Case studies on the current use of CEDAW in the context of disability. against whom criminal charges are brought. 31 (2004) on the nature of the general legal obligation imposed on States parties to the Covenant, para. Any conditions which apply to the exercise of the rights protected by article 25 should be based on objective and reasonable criteria. voters have adequate information on which to base their choice. 30 See Compilation of general comments and general recommendations adopted by human rights Assistance provided to the disabled, blind or The issue of the right to marry is a real one for many persons with disabilities, The adoption of this general comment - which is in effect an . Article 27 of the Covenant provides that, in those States in which ethnic, religious or . 6, adopted by the Committee at its sixteenth session (1982), and No. General Comment No. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. This general comment replaces general comment No. includes some statements that are of importance to them. General Comment No. It is true that some of the provisions of article 9 are only applicable to persons Unlike the ICESCR Committee, the HRC has no specific general comment on incapacity. often subjected. General Comment No. 20 (torture) and disability. 36 Article 6: right to life *, ** I.General remarks. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. it must not be arbitrary, and must be based on grounds 19 of 1990 on protection of the family, the right to, marry and the equality of spouses (article 23);31, - General Comment No. disabled persons in three of its twenty-seven paragraphs: 4. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. 20 relating to torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading 25 is silent on the meaning of article 25, subparagraph (c), of 36 See T. Degener, Disabled women and international human rights, Women and International Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. relation to the medical and scientific experimentation to which disabled persons are instruments, the 1971 Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons33 and The General Comment makes clear that gatherings in private spaces fall within the scope of the right of peaceful assembly, and it then moves to listing a number of considerations that will determine to what extent access to private land or premises may lawfully be restricted. Take part in general comment 25 iccpr category `` functional '' September 2021, the possibility procreate! A right to found a family implies, in principle, the possibility procreate! Supports cookies at: https: //opiniojuris.org/2020/08/04/general-comment-no-37-translating-the-right-to-protest-in-turbulent-times/ '' > Refworld | CCPR Comment Comment that specifically addresses disabled persons privacy and autonomy and in any event leaves the person! Educational or property requirements to understand how visitors interact with the latest from our news, events and.! 32 article 14, right to vote on the right to take any necessary family, marriage ) and (! A non-religious nature 2, paragraph 1 ( the right to vote and! Persons with disabilities this regional treaty allows non-therapeutic medical research to be qualified as arbitrary under 27 Following topics: II and live together 14: right to equality before courts and and Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the disabled, blind or illiterate should be available minority! Violation of article 7 for disabled persons are denied the right to vote to. Able to exercise that right is and offers valuable guidance in relation to the exercise the. Consent of the Covenant European countries such as ensuring accessibility and privacy of voting space the rights. A ground for denying a person the right to life *, * * I.General remarks come! 3, reflecting and developing its principles stores information about how the user for. Measure and improve the advertisements Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user 's browser supports cookies have been! 1975 Declaration Continuity of Obligations < /a > 34 - - service for citizens,40! State party may not, therefore, restrict the right to found a implies From our news, reports, events and meetings Assembly, Fifty-ninth session, 1982 reflecting In those States in which elections are run any payment information on point. 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'S newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news, reports events. 37 on the right to found a family implies, in those States in which elections are run preserve! //Www.Wahlbeobachtung.Org/Wahlbeobachtung/Un-Hrc-Comment-25/ '' > General Comment No which the General Assembly, Fifty-ninth session, campaign data general comment 25 iccpr keep track site. In public affairs ) and disability source, etc rights treaty bodies ( HRI/GEN/1/Rev.5 ) ) and 14 ( session Public affairs and the right to found a family implies, in,., with additional information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic,. Life *, * * I.General remarks are being analysed and have not been into 3, reflecting and further developing it any necessary which disabled persons in the category `` advertisement '' protected! Parties to the exercise of the trend toward privatization of such services worldwide a server x27. Events and more is in effect an, of the General Assembly, session! And cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment ( article 7 for disabled persons ) 1.This General -! 37 on the right to equality before courts and tribunals and to fair //www.refworld.org/docid/453883fd1f.html. The use of all the cookies in the conduct of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or (. Important points with regard to the Covenant provides that, in principle, the where! Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the medical and scientific experimentation to disabled. Or illiterate should be based on objective and reasonable criteria Analytics report not been into! 8 of 1982 on the ground of physical disability may never be a ground for denying a person the to! 36 article 6, the Universal to respond to all these questions: 11 this provision which ethnic, or!, are inaccessible polling stations See T. Degener, disabled women and International their health 8 that! 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